共混做为高分子改性的方法，现在已被广泛地应用，是一种既经济又简单的改性方法。聚合物共混体系可分为相容性共混体系和非相容性共混体系，目前多数聚合物共混体系是属于非相容性体系，缺乏热力学相容性，对于这种体系用简单的机械混合手段要获得令人满意又具有高的商品价值的聚合物共混材料是困难的，因此需采用相容化技术，使原来不相容体系成为类似于相容性体系，从而使力学性能大幅度提高。
As a method of polymer modification, it has been widely used and is an economical and simple modification method. Polymer blending system can be divided into the compatibility of blending system and the compatibility of blend system, the majority of polymer blending system is not compatible system, lack of thermodynamic compatibility, for this kind of system with simple mechanical mixing method to obtain a satisfactory and polymer blend materials with high value of goods is difficult, so need to using compatible technology, make originally incompatible system similar to the system compatibility, so that the mechanical properties increased significantly.

 
如何正确地选用相容剂，充分发挥掺混物的所需性能，防止产品在最终使用过程中失效是很重要的。
It is important to use the compatibilizer properly to make full use of the necessary properties of the mixture and prevent the failure of the product in the final use.

 
首先要指出的是这里所说的相容性与热力学相容性概念有些不同，是指工艺相容性，即指两种不相容聚合物材料共混时，通过工艺和加工技术达到分散均匀，性能稳定而又不导致引起聚合物以单分子均相形式存在的热力学相容性的一种工艺应用。这种相容化技术首先由杜邦公司于七十年代初利用无水马来酸酐接枝PP与尼龙熔融混炼、通过高分子间反应达到相容化。从目前来看，为使不同种类聚合物混合并相容大致可分为三个途径，第一个途径是把一种或二种基本聚合物进行改性；第二个途径是引入聚合物互穿网络(IPN)；第三个途径最常用的方法是在共混体系中添加一种有相互作用或化学反应的第三组分(即相容剂)。
The first thing to point out is the thermodynamic compatibility and the compatibility of this concept is somewhat different, refers to the process compatibility, namely two incompatible polymer blend, through technology and processing technology to meet the uniform dispersion, stable performance and not cause polymer in the form of single molecule homogeneous thermodynamic compatibility of a process application. This kind of compatibilization technology was first developed by dupont in the early 1970s with the fluid-free maleic anhydride grafting PP and nylon melting and blending, and the compatibility was achieved through macromolecular reaction. At present, the first approach is to modify one or two basic polymers for the mixing and compatibility of different kinds of polymers. The second approach is to introduce the polymer interoperability network (IPN). The third most commonly used method is to add a third component (i.e., compatibilizer) that has interaction or chemical reactions in the co-mixing system.

 
这些相容化方法作用机理虽然各不相同，但是都使原来热力学不稳定的微相分离状态，通过化学反应或相互作用降低了界面张力，提高两相界面粘结强度，防止宏观分离。
Although these methods of compatibility mechanism of each are not identical, but all the original thermodynamic instability state of micro phase separation, through chemical reaction or interaction reduces the interfacial tension, improve the two phase interface bond strength, prevent macrosegregation.

 
相容剂在非相容聚合物共混中，作为相容的嵌段或接枝共聚物渗透到两种非相容聚合物A和聚合物B的相界面上，提高粘接强度。在这种情况下，相容剂实际上扮演了类似于低分子界面活性剂的作用。
Compatibilizer is used to enhance the adhesion strength of two non-compatible polymer A and polymer B, as compatible block or graft copolymer. In this case, the compatibilizer actually ACTS as a low-molecular surfactant.

 
相容剂添加量可以低到0．1％，一般小于5 ，这依赖于分散相在熔融共混物或者产品中粒子大小要求决定。
The compatibilizer can be reduced to 0. 1%, generally less than 5, depends on the dispersion phase in the melt blends or the particle size requirements of the product.

 
相容剂的种类和特点
Types and characteristics of compatibilizer

 
由于相容剂的品种多样，对它进行分类也比较困难。从使用方式上分，有单独加入的相容剂和就地生成的相容剂；从增容方式上分，有非反应和反应型；从分子量上分，又可分为低分子相容剂和高分子相容剂等。
Because of the variety of compatibilizers, it is difficult to classify them. In terms of usage, there are separate compatibilizers and locally generated compatibilizers; There are non-reactive and reactive types from the enhancement mode; From molecular weight, it can be divided into low molecular compatibilizer and polymer compatibilizer.

 
1．非反应型相容剂
1. Non-reactive type compatibilizer

 
非反应型相容剂是指那些本身并不含反应基因，在聚合物的混炼过程不参加化学反应的共聚物，从结构上看，非反应型相容剂大多为嵌段共聚物和接枝共聚物，如表1所示。
The reactive compatibilizer are those itself does not contain response genes, in the process of polymer mixed don't take part in the chemical reaction of the copolymer, structurally, most of the reactive compatibilizer for block copolymer and graft copolymer, as shown in table 1.

 
AB型相容剂由原料聚合物A、B的链段经接枝或嵌段而成，A (B)链段同聚合物A (B)的相容性好。AC(ABC)型相容剂由A、C (A、B、c)单体或聚合物径共聚反应得到，它适用于原料聚合物A、B形成的混合体系。C可溶于B或与B有强烈的相互作用， 如PCL溶于PVC， 间规PMMA与SAN有强烈的相互作用。CD型属新型的相容剂，链段C (D)与聚合物A(B)有良好的相容性，它适用于聚合物A、B难于直接制备接枝或嵌段共聚物的场合。
The type AB compatibilizer is formed by grafting or block of the chain segment of the material polymer A and B, and A (B) is compatible with polymer A (B). AC (ABC) compatibilizer is obtained from A, C (A, B, C) monomers or polymer diameters, and it is applicable to A mixed system of materials, A and B. C may be soluble in B or have a strong interaction with B, such as PCL in PVC, and PMMA has a strong interaction with SAN. CD type is A new type of compatibilizer. The chain segment C (D) has good compatibility with polymer A (B), which is suitable for applications of polymer A and B for difficult preparation of grafting or block copolymer.

 
接枝共聚物的支链和主链的分子量、支链的数目及其分布等结构征对增容效果影响较大。支链的分子量过大，数目过多时，将阻碍主链对原料聚合物的贯穿作用。因此，嵌段共聚物的增容效果优于接枝共聚物，且纯的双嵌段共聚物比多嵌段共聚物更好。当双嵌段的两链段长度相等时，增容效果最好。
The structural characteristics of the branch chain of graft copolymer and the molecular weight of the main chain and the number of branches and their distribution have great influence on the enhancement effect. The molecular weight of the branched chain is too large, which will prevent the main chain from penetrating the polymer. Therefore, the enhancement effect of the block copolymer is better than the graft copolymer, and the pure double block copolymer is better than the multi-block copolymer. When the length of two block segments is equal, the enhancement effect is best.

 
无论是接枝共聚物还是嵌段共聚物，较短的链段易于扩散到PAB的两相中，但要使界面有足够的粘接强度，链段的分子量要适当地大一些，要尽量大于原料聚合物的分子量。如果接枝或嵌段的链段太长，它只能以无规线团的状态存在，不易进入两相之中，增容效果反而不好。
Graft copolymer and block copolymer, shorter chain segment is easy to spread to PAB two phase, but enough to make interface bonding strength, the molecular weight of the chain segments to appropriately a few bigger, as far as possible is greater than the molecular weight of polymer materials. If the chain of grafting or block is too long, it can only exist in the state of the unorganized group, not easy to enter the two phases, and the enhancement effect is not good.

 
2．反应型相容剂
2. Reactive compatibilizer

 
反应型相容剂主要通过自身的反应基团在混炼时同原料聚合物发生化学反应时形成的化学键提高相容性，它一般由均聚物A的链段同较长的反应性链段或反应性功能团C共聚而成，C可与聚合物B发生化学反应，基本类型见表2。
Reactive compatibilizer mainly by the reaction of their own group in mixed with raw materials of polymer chemical reaction occurs when form chemical bonds for improvement of the compatibility, it generally consists of homopolymer A chain segment with long chain segment or reaction function group C copolymerization and become, can react with polymers B C, basic types are shown in table 2.

 

 
3．低分子型相容剂
3. Low molecular compatibilizer

 
低分子型相容荆主要包括有机硅烷和有机钛酸酯等，它可同原料聚合物均反应。有机硅烷的结构式为R-Si-Xs，R为乙烯、环氧基、氨基等官能团，它可与聚合物的侧基或末端基反应；X为可参与包括硅氧键在内的缩合反应的基因。
The low molecular compatibility is mainly composed of organosilane and organotitanate, which can react with the polymer of raw materials. The structural formula of organosilane is r-si-xs, and R is the functional group of ethylene, epoxy, amino, etc. It can react with the side or end base of the polymer. X is the gene for condensation reactions including silica bonds.

 
相容剂的合成
Synthesis of compatibilizers

 
由以上讨论可知，相容荆大多为接枝共聚物和嵌段共聚物，其合成方法有大分子单体法和过氧化单体法。
From the above discussion, it can be seen that most of the compatibilits are graft copolymer and block copolymer, and its synthesis method has macromolecular monomer and peroxide monomer.

 
1.大分子单体法
1. Macromolecular monomer method

 
大分子单体可通过自由基聚合、阴离子聚合、阴离子催化引发以及基团转移聚合等方法制备。由于大分子单体的分子量较大，聚合官能团的浓度低，单独聚合时不仅难于定量，而且位阻较大，如果选择适宜的溶剂，大分子单体可与低分子单体进行接枝共聚。
Macromolecules can be prepared by free radical polymerization, anionic polymerization, anionic catalysis and group transfer polymerization. Due to large molecular weight of macromolecular monomer, polymerization of low concentrations of functional groups separate aggregation is not only difficult to quantitative, and larger steric hindrance, if choose appropriate solvent, macromolecular monomer graft copolymerization with low molecular monomers.

 
2．过氧化单体法
2. Method of peroxide monomer

 
过氧化单体法是以含有过氧化侧基或端基的聚合物为主链，并通过过氧化物产生的自由基弓I发单体进行接枝聚合的方法。它不需要特殊设备，操作简单，便于工业化，而且可获得较高的接枝率。
The peroxide monomer is a method for graft polymerization of the free radical arch I monomer, which contains the peroxide or end - base polymer. It does not require special equipment, simple operation, easy industrialization, and high grafting rate.

 
3．就地形成的相容剂
3. A compatibilizer formed in situ

 
将一种单体在另一聚合物存在下进行聚合，可就地形成共聚物。例如，通过嵌段共聚方法制备乙丙橡胶和聚丙烯的合金：先使丙烯单体聚合，转化率达95 以上加入乙烯单体后，可形成乙烯丙烯无规共聚物，它既可独立存在，也可嵌段在PP分子链上，二者均阻碍PP结晶，增容效果好。就地形成的相容剂与单独加入相容剂有相同的增容效果，但单独加入法比较理想，因为就地增容的反应比较难于控制。
Polymerization of one monomer in another polymer can be formed on the spot. For example, by block copolymerization method of preparing ethylene propylene rubber and polypropylene alloy: first make propylene monomer polymerization, after joining vinyl monomer conversion rate of more than 95, can form ethylene propylene random copolymer, it can exist independently, also can block on the PP molecular chain, both hinder the PP crystallization, compatibilizing effect is good. The compatibilizer formed in situ has the same enhancement effect as the individual addition of the compatibilizer, but it is ideal to add the method separately, because the reaction in situ is more difficult to control.