【1】塑料常用的增韧剂如何划分
[1] how to divide plastic commonly used toughening agents

 

 
1.橡胶弹性体增韧：EPR（二元乙丙）、EPDM（三元乙丙）、顺丁橡胶（BR）、天然橡胶（NR）、异丁烯橡胶（IBR）、丁腈橡胶（NBR）等；适用于所用塑料树脂的增韧改性；
1. Rubber elastomer toughening: EPR (binary ethypropylene), EPDM (EPDM), shunding rubber (BR), natural rubber (NR), isobutylene rubber (IBR), NBR, etc. Suitable for toughening modification of plastic resin used;

 

 
2.热塑性弹性体增韧：SBS、SEBS、POE、TPO、TPV等；多用于聚烯烃或非极性树脂增韧，用于聚酯类、聚酰胺类等含有极性官能团的聚合物增韧时需加入相容剂；
2. Thermoplastic elastomer toughening: SBS, SEBS, POE, TPO, TPV, etc. Polyolefin or non-polar resins are used for toughening, and the polymer, polyamide and other polymers that contain polar functional groups need to be added to the compatibilizer.

 

 
3.核-壳共聚物及反应型三元共聚物增韧：ACR（丙烯酸酯类）、MBS（丙烯酸甲酯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物）、PTW（乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯—甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物）、E-MA-GMA（乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯—甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物）等；多用于工程塑料以及耐高温高分子合金增韧
3. The core - shell copolymer and reactive ternary copolymer toughening: ACR (acrylic acid esters), MBS (methacrylate - butadiene - styrene copolymer), PTW (ethylene - butyl acrylate, methyl acrylic glycidyl ester copolymer), E - MA - GMA (ethylene/methyl acrylate, methyl glycidyl ester of acrylic acid copolymer), etc.; It is used in engineering plastics and high temperature resistant polymer alloy

 

 
4.高韧性塑料共混增韧：PP/PA、PP/ABS、PA/ABS、HIPS/PPO、PPS/PA、PC/ABS、PC/PBT等；高分子合金技术是制备高韧性工程塑料的重要途径；
4. High toughness plastic mix and toughening: PP/PA, PP/ABS, PA/ABS, HIPS/PPO, PPS/PA, PC/ABS, PC/PBT, etc. Polymer alloy technology is an important way to prepare high toughness engineering plastics.

 

 
5.其它方式增韧：纳米粒子增韧（如纳米CaCO3）、沙林树脂（杜邦金属离聚物）增韧等；
5. Other ways of toughening: nano-particles toughening (such as nanometer CaCO3) and sarin resin (dupont metal depolymerization), etc.

 

 
【2】在实际的工业生产中，改性塑料的增韧大概分以下情况：
[2] in actual industrial production, the toughening of modified plastic is about the following:

 

 
a、合成树脂本身韧性不足，需要提高韧性以满足使用需求，如GPPS、均聚PP等；
A, the synthetic resin itself is not flexible enough, and it needs to improve its toughness to meet the needs of use, such as GPPS, polypp, etc.;

 
b、大幅度提高塑料的韧性，实现超韧化、低温环境长期使用的要求，如超韧尼龙；
B, improve the toughness of plastic substantially, and realize the long-term use of super toughening and low temperature environment, such as super tough nylon;

 
c、对树脂进行了填充、阻燃等改性后引起了材料的性能下降，此时必须进行有效的增韧。
C, the resin has been filled, flame retardant and other modification have caused the material's performance to decline, which must be effectively toughened.

 

 
通用塑料一般都是通过自由基加成聚合而得，分子主链及侧链不含极性基团，增韧时添加橡胶粒子及弹性体粒子即可获得较好的增韧效果；而工程塑料一般是由缩合聚合而得，分子链的侧链或端基含有极性基团，增韧时可通过加入官能团化的橡胶或弹性体粒子较高的韧性。
General plastics are generally by radical polymerization and the molecular main chain and side chain including polar group, toughening add rubber and elastomer particles can obtain good toughening effect; However, engineering plastics are usually polymerized by condensation polymerization. The side chains or end bases of the molecular chains contain polar groups, which can be toughened by adding functional groups of rubber or elastomer particles.

 

 
一般而言，塑料在受到外力作用时以界面脱黏、空洞化、基体剪切屈服的过程吸收、耗散能量，除了非极性塑料树脂增韧时可以直接加入与其相容性好的弹性体粒子（相似相容原理）时，其它极性树脂都需要有效的增容才能实现最终增韧的目的。前面提到的几类接枝共聚物作为增韧剂时，都会与基体产生强烈的相互作用，例如：
In general, plastic under external force in the interface adhesion, hollowing out, substrate shear yield of the process of absorption and dissipation of energy, in addition to nonpolar plastic resin toughening can be directly added into good compatibility with elastomer particles (similar compatible principle), all the other polarity resin need effective capacity to achieve the goal of eventually toughening. The aforementioned graft copolymer can interact strongly with the matrix as a toughening agent, for example:

 

 
(1)带环氧官能团型增韧机理：环氧基团开环后与聚合物端羟基、羧基或胺基发生加成反应；
(1) the toughening mechanism of the epoxy functional group: the reaction of the epoxy group with the hydroxyl, carboxyl or amine group after the opening of the epoxy group;

 
(2)核壳型增韧机理：外层官能团与组分充分相容，橡胶起到增韧效果；
(2) the toughening mechanism of the nuclear shell: the outer functional group is fully compatible with the components, and the rubber has a toughening effect;

 
(3)离聚体型增韧机理：借助金属离子与高分子链的羧酸根之间的络合作用形成物理交联网络，从而起到增韧的作用。
(3) the mechanism of toughening of body type: the physical crosslinking network is formed by the complexation between metal ions and the carboxylic acid root of the polymer chain, thus playing a toughening role.

 

 
实际上，如果把增韧剂看作一类聚合物，就可以把这种增容原理延伸到所有的高分子共混物中。如下表，工业上制备有用的聚合物共混物时，反应性增容是我们必须要运用的技术，此时增韧剂就有了不一样的意义，“增韧相容剂”，“界面乳化剂”的称谓就显得格外形象！
In fact, if the toughening agent is considered a class of polymer, it can be extended to all the polymer blends. Preparation of useful on the following table, the industry, the miscibility of polymer blends of reactive compatibilizing is we have to use the technology as toughening agent has a different meaning, "compatible toughening agent", "interface emulsifier" appellation is especially image!

 

 
综上，塑料增韧无论对于结晶性塑料还是无定形塑料同等重要，而从通用塑料、工程塑料到特种工程塑料其耐热性逐渐提高，成本价格也不断攀升，这样就对增韧剂的耐热性、耐老化性等提出了更高的要求，同时也是对塑料改性增韧技术一次大的考验，而最重要的也是最关键的一条就是和基体及组分保持良好的相容性！
In conclusion, plastics toughening both crystalline or amorphous plastics are equally important, and from general plastics, engineering plastics and special engineering plastics its heat resistance increased, the cost price is rising, thus the flexibilizer heat resistance, aging resistance, etc. Put forward higher requirements, as well as toughening technology of plastic modified a big test, and the most important and most critical, and the compatibility of matrix and component in good!