聚合物共混是制造新型材料方便而又有效的方法之一，是当今发展最快的高分子材料科学领域之一。
Polymer blending is one of the most convenient and effective methods to make new materials, and is one of the fastest developing fields of polymer materials science.
在注塑、挤出等加工时，不少产品都会产生分层、表面出现脱皮等现象，这些状况使材质强度低，存在易脆等缺陷。
When manufacturing, such as injection and extrusion, many products will have layering and surface peeling. These conditions make the material strength low and brittle.
由于相容剂对高分子合金体系的混合性和稳定性会产生重要的影响，因此，相容剂的合理选择和使用对高分子合金技术的实现是至关重要的。
Because compatibilizer has an important influence on the mixing and stability of polymer alloy system, therefore, the rational selection and use of compatibilizer is very important for the realization of polymer alloy technology.
想要做好塑料，一起学习相容剂！
Want to do a good job of plastic and learn compatibilizer together!
做塑料的，怎能不懂相容剂
How can you not understand a compatibilizer for plastic
什么是相容剂
What is a compatibilizer
凡能够增加热力学相容性差或不相容的共混树脂相界面间的结合牢度，使其成为相容较好且稳定的共混体系，从而改进聚合物共混体系物理、力学性能的助剂称为相容剂。
It is possible to increase the interfacial fastness between the interfaces of the blend resins with poor compatibility or incompatibility so as to become a compatible and stable blend system, thus improving the physical and mechanical properties of the polymer blends as a compatibilizer.
相容剂又称增容剂、增混剂或界面剂，对提高聚合物共混体系的共混效果、进而使共混材料获得优异的力学性能具有重要作用。
Compatibilizer, also known as compatibilizer, blending agent or interfacial agent, plays an important role in improving the blending effect of polymer blends and improving the mechanical properties of blends.
相容剂的作用原理
The principle of action of compatibilizer
相容剂的增容作用本质上说是，借助于分子间的键合力来实现的，可以起到类似油分散于水中所用的表面活性剂的作用。
Compatibilization of compatibilizer is essentially achieved by intermolecular bonding force, which can play a role similar to the surfactant used for oil dispersing in water.
其原理体现在如下两个方面：
The principle is reflected in the following two aspects:
1.非相容的共混物两相之间有明显的相界面，厚度为1.0nm左右，加入相容剂后，可以存在于界面之间，增大界面2-3倍。
1., there is an obvious interface between the two phases of the immiscible blends. The thickness is about 1.0nm. After adding compatibilizer, it can exist between the interface and increase the interface 2-3 times.
2.相容剂可以降低两相界面的界面张力。
2. compatibilizer can reduce the interfacial tension of the two phase interface.
相容剂的分类
Classification of compatibilizer
1 按作用性质分
1 according to the nature of action
按是否与共混物中的聚合物发生反应，可以将相容剂分为反应型相容剂和非反应型相容剂两大类。
According to the reaction with the polymer in the blend, the compatibilizer can be divided into two categories: reactive compatibilizer and non reactive compatibilizer.
图：非反应型相容剂的界面作用模式
Diagram: interfacial action mode of non reactive compatibilizer
1.1  非反应型相容剂，起到乳化剂的作用，可降低两相界面的表面张力。
1.1 non reactive compatibilizer, which plays the role of emulsifier, can reduce the surface tension of the two phase interface.
非反应型相容剂多为两种成分构成的高分子聚合物。
The non reactive compatibilizer is a polymer consisting of two components.
①接枝法：将一种聚合物接枝到另一种聚合物上。
(1) grafting: graft one polymer onto another.
②嵌段法：将两种单体共聚。
(2) block method: two kinds of monomers are copolymerized.
非反应型相容剂在共混时仅仅使共混组分微细，提高分散均匀性，即只起类似于一般乳化剂的作用。其优点是：共混过程中不伴随副反应发生，容易混炼成型。其缺点是：因添加量较多而使成本提高。
In blending, the non reactive compatibilizer only makes the blending component fine and improves the dispersion uniformity, which is similar to the general emulsifier. Its advantages are that there is no side reaction in the blending process and easy to mix. The shortcoming is that the cost is increased by adding more quantity.
图：反应型相容剂的界面作用模式
Diagram: interfacial action mode of reactive compatibilizer
1.2  反应型相容剂，伴随着化学反应，可与共混物形成化学键或氢键。
1.2 reactive compatibilizer, with chemical reaction, can form a chemical bond or a hydrogen bond with the blends.
反应型相容剂类似于偶联剂，其高分子链中具有能与共混物中的聚合物发生反应的反应性基团，因为，在其与聚合物共混时伴随着化学反应。反应型相容剂的优点是添加少量的相容剂就可产生效果，成本低；缺点是有可能产生副反应，使共混物的性能降低，同时对混炼和成型条件要求很高。
The reactive compatibilizer is similar to the coupling agent. Its polymer chain has a reactive group that can react with the polymer in the blend, because it is accompanied by chemical reaction when it is mixed with polymer. The advantage of reactive compatibilizer is that adding a small amount of compatibilizer can produce effect and low cost. The disadvantage is that it may cause side reactions, reduce the performance of the blends, and at the same time, require high mixing and molding conditions.
常见的可发生反应的基团对有酸酐与氨基：环氧基与酸酐；咪唑啉与羧基；异氰酸酪与羧基；酰基内酰胺与氨基：碳化二亚胺与羧基基、金属盐。
Common reactions can occur with amino groups on anhydride and epoxy and anhydride; imidazoline and carboxyl; isocyanate, carboxyl; acyl lactam and amino and carboxyl imino two carbide and metal salt.
2 按照分子量大小分类
2 classification according to molecular weight
高分子相容剂（非反应型）
Polymer compatibilizer (non reactive)
低分子相容剂（反应型）有机过氧化物
Low molecular compatibilizer (reactive type) organic peroxide
相容剂的合成与制备
Synthesis and preparation of compatibilizer
1  大分子单体法
1 macromolecule monomer method
大分子单体可通过自由基引发聚合、阴离子聚合、阴离子催化引发以及基团转移聚合等方法制备。
Macromolecular monomers can be prepared by radical initiating polymerization, anionic polymerization, anionic catalytic initiation, and group transfer polymerization.
2  过氧化物单体法
2 peroxides monomer method
是以含有过氧化侧基或端基的聚合物为主链，并通过氧化物产生的自由基引发单体进行接枝聚合的方法。
It is a method to graft copolymerization of monomers by the free radical produced by the oxide produced by the oxide side group or the end group.
3  就地形成法
3 topographic method
过氧将一种单体在另一种聚合物存在下进行聚合，可就地形成共聚物。
Peroxisome polymerized one monomer in the presence of another polymer and formed a copolymer in place.
常见相容剂
Common compatibilizer
1
One
环状酸酐型(MAH)。环状酸酐型类反应型相容剂是目前最常用的一类反应型相容剂。
Cyclic anhydride type (MAH). Cyclic anhydride type reactive compatibilizer is the most commonly used kind of reactive compatibilizer at present.
其中，以马来酸酐接枝到聚烯烃上的马来酸酐相容剂为主，其接枝率一般为0.8%-1.0%，主要应用于聚烯烃塑料的改性。
Maleic anhydride compatibilizer is mainly composed of maleic anhydride grafted onto polyolefin, and its grafting rate is generally 0.8%-1.0%. It is mainly applied to the modification of polyolefin plastics.
将马来酸酐接枝到PS或以PS为基体的二元或多元共聚反应型相容剂，可应用于PA/PC、ABS/GF、PA/ABS的改性、共混或合金。一般用量5%-8%。
Grafted maleic anhydride onto PS or PS based two component or multicomponent copolymerization compatibilizer can be applied to modification, blending or alloy of PA/PC, ABS/GF and PA/ABS. The general dosage is 5%-8%.
但此类相容剂可能会降低塑料合金的热变形温度，易使共混组分产生一结不需要的交联和降解，使反应不再能被控制。主要应用于PP/PA6、PP/PA66等合金或共混。一般用量为5%-8%。
However, such compatibilizer may reduce the hot deformation temperature of the plastic alloy, and make the blending component produce an unnecessary cross-linking and degradation, so that the reaction can no longer be controlled. It is mainly used in PP/PA6, PP/PA66 and other alloys or blends. The general dosage is 5%-8%.
2
Two
羧酸型。羧酸类中的代表产品为丙烯酸型相容剂。通常是将丙烯酸接枝到聚烯烃树脂上，用途大体与马来酸酐型相同。
Carboxylic type. The representative products of carboxylic acids are acrylic type compatibilizer. Acrylic acid is usually grafted onto polyolefin resins for the same purpose as maleic anhydride.
3
Three
环氧型。环氧型反应型相容剂是环氧树脂或具有环氧基的化合物与其他聚合物接枝共聚而成。这类反应型能起到良好的相容作用。
Epoxy type. The epoxy type reactive compatibilizer is the epoxy resin or the epoxy - based compound which is graft copolymerized with other polymers. This type of reactivity can play a good role in compatibility.
4
Four
恶唑啉型。用恶唑啉接枝的PS,即RPS,是一种比较重要的相容剂,接枝率为1%,特点是应用领域较广,不仅能与一般的含氨基或羧基的聚合物反应,还可与含羰基、酸酐、环氧基团反应，生成接枝共聚物。因此，它可以用于PS及多种工程塑料或经改性的聚烯烃树脂。此外，它还可以"就地"相容化，直接用于塑料改性、共混和合金。
Oxazoline type. Oxazoline grafted PS, RPS, is a relatively important compatibilizer. The grafting rate is 1%, which is widely applied. It can not only react with general polymers containing amino or carboxyl groups, but also react with carbonyl, anhydride and epoxy groups to form graft copolymers. Therefore, it can be used in PS and a variety of engineering plastics or modified polyolefin resins. In addition, it can be used in "in-situ" compatibility, which is directly used for plastic modification, blending and alloy.
5
Five
酰亚胺型
Imide type