增韧剂分类
Toughening agent classification
增韧剂可分为橡胶类增韧剂和热塑性弹性体类增韧剂：
Toughening agents can be divided into rubber toughening agents and
thermoplastic elastomers:
（1）橡胶类增韧剂 该类增韧剂的品种主要有液体聚硫橡胶、液体丙烯酸酯橡胶、液体聚丁二烯橡胶、丁腈橡胶、乙丙橡胶及丁苯橡胶等。
(1) rubber toughening agent The flexibilizer main varieties of liquid
polysulfide rubber, acrylate rubber, liquid polybutadiene rubber,
nitrile rubber, ethylene propylene rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber
and so on.
（2）热塑性弹性体
热塑性弹性体是一类在常温下显示橡胶弹性、在高温下又能塑化成型的合成材料。因此，这类聚合物兼有橡胶和热塑性塑料的特点，它既可以作为复合材料的增韧剂，又可以作为复合材料的基体材料。这类材料主要包括聚氨酯类、苯乙烯类、聚烯烃类、聚酯类、间规1,2-聚丁二烯类和聚酰胺类等产品，目前作为复合材料的增韧剂用得较多的是苯乙烯类和聚烯烃类。
(2) thermoplastic elastoplastic elastomer is a kind of synthetic
material which shows rubber elasticity at normal temperature and can be
plasticized in high temperature. Therefore, this kind of polymer has the
 characteristics of rubber and thermoplastic plastic, which can be used
as a toughening agent for composites and as a matrix material for
composite materials. Such materials mainly include polyurethane,
styrene, polyolefin, polyester, syndiotactic 1, 2 - polybutadiene and
polyamide and other products, currently as a composite toughening agent
use morer is styrene and polyolefins.
其它增韧剂
适用于复合材料的其它增韧剂还有低分子聚酰胺和低分子的非活性增韧剂，如苯二甲酸酯类。对于非活性的增韧剂也可称为增塑剂，它不参与树脂的固化反应。
Other toughening agents are suitable for other toughening agents in
composite materials as well as low molecular polyamide and
low-molecular-non-reactive toughening agents such as phthalates. The
non-active toughening agent may also be called plasticizer, which does
not participate in the curing reaction of the resin.
(一) 橡胶类
(I) rubber class
1. 乙丙橡胶(EPR)
1. Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR)
乙丙橡胶是以乙烯、丙烯为主要单体原料，采用有机金属催化剂，在溶液状态下共聚而成的无定形橡胶。根据是否加入非共轭二烯类作为不饱和的第三单体，乙丙橡胶又可分为二元共聚物和三元共聚物两大类。通常丙烯的含量约为40%-60%左右，第三单体的含量约为2%-5%，平均分子量25万以上，且分布较宽。乙丙橡胶中由于引入的丙烯以无定型排列，破坏了原来的聚乙烯结晶，因而成为不规整共聚非结晶橡胶，同时又保留了聚乙烯的某些特性。二元乙丙橡胶在分子链上没有双键，成为饱和状态，因而构成丁该橡胶的独特性能。三元乙丙橡胶虽然引进了少量不饱和基因但双键处于侧链上，因此基本性能无多大差异。乙丙橡胶基本上是一种饱和的高分子化合物，分子内没有极性取代基，链节比较柔顺。它的抗臭氧性、耐候性、耐老化性在通用橡胶中是最好的，其电绝缘性、耐化学品性和抗冲击性都较好。
Ethylene-propylene rubber is the main monomer of ethylene and propylene,
 and the organic metal catalyst is used in the solution state to form an
 amorphous rubber. According to the addition of non-conjugate dienes as
unsaturated third monomers, ethylene-propylene rubber can be divided
into two categories: binary copolymer and ternary copolymer. Generally,
the content of propylene is about 40% - 60%. The content of the third
monomer is about 2% ~ 5%, and the average molecular weight is more than
250,000, and the distribution is wide. Due to introduction of propylene
in the ethylene propylene rubber to arrange the amorphous, destroyed the
 original polyethylene crystallization, and thus become irregular
copolymer non-crystalline rubber, and retained some characteristics of
polyethylene at the same time. Binary ethylene-propylene rubber has no
double bond on the molecular chain and becomes a saturated state, thus
forming the unique properties of the rubber. The tri-ethyl propylene
rubber, while introducing a small number of unsaturated genes, is on the
 side chain, so the basic performance is not much different. Ethylene
propylene rubber is basically a saturated polymer compound with no polar
 substituents in the molecule. Its ozone resistance, weathering
resistance and aging resistance are the best in general rubber. Its
electrical insulation, chemical resistance and impact resistance are
good.
乙丙橡胶是常用的增韧剂之一，在聚乙烯中的用量高达40%。
Ethylene-propylene rubber is one of the most commonly used toughening
agents and is used as high as 40% in polyethylene.
2. 聚丁二烯橡胶(BB)
2. Polybutadiene rubber (BB)
聚丁二烯橡胶是以丁二烯为单体，采用不同催化剂和聚合方法制得的一种通用型合成橡胶。采用不同储化系统和聚合方法制得的聚丁二烯橡胶在结构和性能上均有所不同。聚丁二烯橡胶的玻璃化温度为-105℃，分子量分布较窄、支化比较少，灰分总含量0.10%-0.15%，冷流性小。
Polybutadiene rubber is a kind of synthetic rubber, which is made of
butadiene and adopts different catalyst and polymerization method. The
structure and performance of polybutadiene rubber obtained by different
storage system and polymerization method are different. The glass
transition temperature of polybutadiene rubber - 105 ℃, a narrow
molecular weight distribution and less branched, total ash content 0.10%
 0.15%, cold flow property is small.
3. 丁基橡胶
Butyl rubber
丁基橡胶是以异丁烯与少量异戊二烯为单体，采用三氯化铝或三氟化硼作催化剂，在低温下(-95℃)聚合物的共聚物。这是一种黄白色粘弹性固体，有冷流性，比重为0.92g/ml。
Butyl rubber is isobutylene and a small amount of isoprene monomer, with
 aluminium trichloride or boron trifluoride catalyst, at low temperature
 (95 ℃) polymer copolymer. This is a kind of yellow and white
viscoelastic solid, with a cold flow rate of 0.92 g/ml.
丁基橡胶的耐热性、耐候性都很好，耐溶剂性、电绝缘性能也较好。
Butyl rubber is excellent in heat resistance and weatherability, and
good solvent resistance and electrical insulation.