1．塑料助剂与聚合物的相容性

1. compatibility of plastic additives and polymers

如果相容性不好，塑料助剂就容易析出。固体塑料助剂的析出，俗称“喷霜”；液体塑料助剂的析出，称为“渗出”或“出汗”。塑料助剂析出后即失去塑料助剂的作用，而且影响塑料制品的外观。但是，也应注意到，对于某些塑料助剂，并不要求它与聚合物有良好的相容性。例如，润滑剂的相容性就不宜过大，否则就会起到增塑剂的作用，使聚合物软化。

If compatibility is not good, plastic additives will easily precipitate. The precipitation of solid plastic auxiliaries is commonly referred to as "spray frost". The precipitation of liquid plastic auxiliaries is known as "exudation" or "sweating". After the release of plastic auxiliaries, the role of plastic additives is lost, and the appearance of plastic products is also affected. However, it should be noted that for some plastics additives, it is not required to have good compatibility with polymers. For example, the compatibility of lubricants should not be too large, otherwise it will act as plasticizer and soften the polymer.

塑料助剂与聚合物的相容性主要取决于它们的结构相似性。例如，极性较强的增塑剂在极性的聚氯乙烯中的相容性较极性弱者好。又如，在抗氧剂和光稳定剂中引入较长链的烷基，就可以改善它们与聚烯烃的相容性。对于无机填充剂和无机颜料，它们不溶于聚合物，而是非均相地分散于聚合物中。对于这一类塑料助剂，则要求它们的分散性好，其细度越小越好。

The compatibility of plastics additives with polymers depends mainly on their structural similarity. For example, stronger polar plasticizers have better compatibility with polar ones than polar ones. For example, the introduction of long chain alkyl in antioxidants and light stabilizers can improve their compatibility with polyolefin. For inorganic filler and inorganic pigment, they are insoluble in polymer but dispersed in polymer in heterogeneous phase. For this type of plastic auxiliaries, they are required to have good dispersibility and smaller fineness.

2．塑料助剂与聚合物在稳定性方面的相互影响

2. the interaction between plastics additives and polymers in stability

塑料助剂必须长期稳定地存在于塑料制品中。因此，应该注意塑料助剂与聚合物在稳定性方面的相互影响。有些聚合物（如聚氯乙烯）的分解产物带酸碱性，能分解一些塑料助剂；也有一些塑料助剂能加速聚合物的降解。

Plastic additives must exist in plastic products for a long time. Therefore, attention should be paid to the interaction between plastics additives and polymers in stability. Some polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride, can be decomposed with acid and alkali. They can decompose some plastics additives, and some plastics additives can accelerate the degradation of polymers.

3．塑料助剂的耐久性

The durability of 3. plastic additives

塑料助剂的损失主要通过三条途径：挥发、抽出和迁移。挥发性的大小取决于塑料助剂的结构，例如，由于邻苯二甲酸丁脂的分子量小于邻苯二甲酸二辛脂，故前者的挥发性较后者大得多。塑料助剂的抽出性与其在不同介质中的溶解度直接相关，应根据制品的使用环境来选择适当的塑料助剂品种。迁移性是指塑料助剂由制品中向邻近物品的转移，其可能性的大小与塑料助剂在不同聚合物中的溶解度相关。

The loss of plastic auxiliaries is mainly through three ways: volatilization, extraction and migration. The volatile size depends on the structure of the plastic additives, for example, the molecular weight of the butyl phthalate is less than two octyl (two octyl) of phthalic acid two, so the former is much more volatile than the latter. The extraction of plastic auxiliaries is directly related to their solubility in different media. Appropriate plastic additives should be selected according to the environment of the products. Migration refers to the transfer of plastic auxiliaries from products to adjacent objects, the magnitude of which is related to the solubility of plastic additives in different polymers.